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The Role of Vitamins & Minerals
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Water Soluble Vitamins Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily (see Table below)
| Vitamin | Source | Needed For | Deficiency | Vitamin B1 Thiamine
Men: 0.8 - 1.3mg Women: 0.8mg | Sunflower Seeds, pork, whole & enriched grains, dried beans | Necessary for carbohydrate metabolism & muscle coordination. Promotes proper nerve function | Deficiency: Anxiety, hysteria, depression, muscle cramps, loss of appetite. In extreme cases Beriberi (mostly in alcoholics) | Riboflavin Vitamin B12
Men: 1.3 - 1.6mg Women: 1.1mg | Liver, milk, spinach, enriched noodles, mushrooms | Needed for metabolism of all foods & the release of energy to cells. Essential to the functioning of Vitamin B6 & Niacin | Deficiency: Cracks & sores around the mouth & nose. Visualproblems | Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid
Men: 2.5mg Women: 2.5mg
| Abundant in animal tissues, whole grain cereals & legumes | Converts food to molecular forms. Needed to make adrenal hormones. | Deficiency: Unclear in humans | Niacin Vitamin B3
Men: 16 – 23mg Women: 14 – 16 mg (converted to niacinamide in the body)
| Mushrooms, bran, tuna, chicken, beef, peanuts & enriched grains | Needed in many enzymes that convert food to energy. Helps maintain a healthy digestive tract & nervous system. In very large doses lowers cholesterol. | Deficiency: In extreme cases, Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea & sores). | Vitamin B6 Peridoxine Men: 1.8mg Women: 1.5mg | Animal protein foods, spinach, broccoli, bananas | Needed for protein metabolism & absorption, carbohydrate metabolism. Helps form red blood cells. Promotes nerve & brain function. | Deficiency: Anemia, irritability, patches of itchy, scaly skin & convulsions. | Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin
Men: 2 mcg Women: 2 mcg | Found almost exclusively in animal products | Builds genetic material. Helps form red blood cells | Deficiency: Pernicious anemia & nerve damage
| Biotin Men:60 mcg Women: 60 mcg | Cheese, egg, yolk, cauliflower, peanut butter | Needed for metabolism of glucose & formation of certain fatty acids. Essential for proper body chemistry | Deficiency: Seborrheic dermatitis in infants. Rare in adults, but can be induced by eating large amounts of egg whites. Also causes anorexia, nausea, vomiting & dry scaly skin. | Folic Acid
Men: 180 - 220 mg Women: 160 - 190 mg | Green leafy vegetables, orange juice, organ meats & sprouts | Essential for the manufacture of genetic material as well as protein metabolism & red blood cell formation | Deficiency: Impaired cell division, anemia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal upsets. | Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid
Men:40 mg Women: 30 mg | Citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli & green peppers | Antioxidant. Helps bind cells together & strengthens blood vessel walls. Helps maintain healthy gums. Aids in the absorption of iron. | Deficiency: Muscle weakness. bleeding gums, easy bruising. In extreme cases, scurvy. |
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